Publications

A Roadmap for Quantum Interconnects

A Roadmap for Quantum Interconnects

A Roadmap for Quantum Interconnects” is the result of the collective work of a team of Q-NEXT members and participants from academia, industry and U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories.

The roadmap provides direction for quantum interconnects research and its impact for quantum information science and technology, addressing the role of quantum interconnects in three emerging areas: quantum computing, communication and sensing. It reviews the materials, components and systems used for these purposes; summarizes relevant scientific questions and issues; and addresses the most pressing research needs. The document distills these considerations into recommendations for strategic science and technology research imperatives for the next decade.

In addition to informing Q-NEXT’s internal activities, the roadmap was created with a broader objective of developing a guide for key issues and research needed over the next decade for the worldwide scientific and engineering community interested in quantum information.

2023

S. Ghosh, A. Deshpande, D. Hangleiter, A. V. Gorshkov, and B. Fefferman. “Complexity phase transitions generated by entanglement.” Physical Review Letters 131, 030601. July 23, 2023. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.030601

N. Delegan, S. J. Whiteley, T. Zhou, S. L. Bayliss, M. Titze, E. Bielejec, M. V. Holt, D. D. Awschalom, F. J. Heremans. “Deterministic nanoscale quantum spin-defect implantation and diffraction strain imaging.” Nanotechnology 34, 385001. July 3, 2023. doi:10.1088/1361-6528/acdd09

J. Rable, J. Dwivedi, N. Samarth. “Off-resonant detection of domain wall oscillations using deterministically placed nanodiamonds.” June 27, 2023. arxiv:2306.15493

D. Riedel, H. Lee, J. F. Herrmann, J. Grzesik, V. Ansari, J-M. Borit, H. S. Stokowski, S. Aghaeimeibodi, H. Lu, P. J. McQuade, N. A. Melosh, Z-X. Shen, A. H. Safavi-Naeini, J. Vuckovic. “Efficient photonic integration of diamond color centers and thin-film lithium niobate.” June 27, 2023. arxiv:2306.15207

P. Chiappina, J. Banker, S. Meesala, D. Lake, S. Wood, O. Painter. “Design of an ultra-low mode volume piezo-optomechanical quantum transducer.” Optics Express 31, 14. June 23, 2023. doi:10.1364/OE.493532

E. I. Rosenthal, C. P. Anderson, H. C. Kleidermacher, A. J. Stein, H. Lee, J. Grzesik, G. Scuri, A. E. Rugar, D. Riedel, S. Aghaeimeibodi, G. H. Ahn, K. Van Gasse, J. Vuckovic. “Microwave spin control of a tin-vacancy qubit in diamond.” June 22, 2023. arxiv:2306.13199

A. Bozkurt, H. Zhao, C. Joshi, H. G. LeDuc, P. K. Day, M. Mirhosseini. “A quantum electromechanical interface for long-lived phonons.” Nature Physics. June 22, 2023. doi:0.1038/s41567-023-02080-w

A. Gatto Lamas, E. Chitambar. “Multipartite nonlocality in Clifford networks.” Physical Review Letters 130, 240802. June 15, 2023. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.240802

A. Anferov, K.-H. Lee, F. Zhao, J. Simon, D. I. Schuster. “Improved coherence in optically defined niobium trilayer junction qubits.” June 9, 2023. arxiv:2306.05883

X. Guo, M. Xie, A. Addhya, A. Linder, U. Zvi, T. D. Deshmukh, Y. Liu, I. N. Hammock, Z. Li, C. T. DeVault, A. Butcher, A. P. Esser-Kahn, D. D. Awschalom, N. Delegan, P. C. Maurer, F. J. Heremans, A. A. High. “Direct-bonded diamond membranes for heterogeneous quantum and electronic technologies.” June 7, 2023. arxiv:2306.04408

R. D’Cunha, M. Otten, M. R. Hermes, L. Gagliardi, S. K. Gray. “State preparation in quantum algorithms for fragment-based quantum chemistry.” June 7, 2023. arxiv:2305.18110

A. Mitra, M. R. Hermes, L. Gagliardi. “Density matrix embedding using multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory.” J. Chem. Theory Comput. June 6, 2023. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00247

K. Singh, C. E. Bradley, S. Anand, V. Ramesh, R. White, H. Bernien. “Mid-circuit correction of correlated phase errors using an array of spectator qubits.” Science, 380, 6647. May 25, 2023. doi:10.1126/science.ade5337

W. Huie, L. Li, N. Chen, X. Hu, Z. Jia, W. K. C. Sun, J. P. Covey. “Repetitive readout and real-time control of nuclear spin qubits in 171Yb atoms.” May 25, 2023. arxiv:2305.02926

R. M. Kroeze, B. P. Marsh, K.-Y. Lin, J. Keeling, B. L. Lev. “High cooperativity using a confocal-cavity–QED microscope.” PRX Quantum 4, 020326. May 11, 2023. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.020326

C. Whisler, G. Holdman, D. D. Yavuz, V. W. Brar. “Enhancing two-photon spontaneous emission in rare earths using graphene and graphene nanoribbons.” Physical Review B, 107, 195420. May 10, 2023. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.107.195420

J. A. Michaels, N. Delegan, Y. Tsaturyan, J. R. Renzas, D. D. Awschalom, J. G. Eden, F. J. Heremans. “Bias-pulsed atomic layer etching of 4H-silicon carbide producing subangstrom surface roughness.” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, 41, 032607. May 5, 2023. doi:10.1116/6.0002447

S. Haldar, A. Mitra, M. Hermes, L. Gagliardi. “Local excitations of a charged nitrogen vacancy in diamond with multireference density matrix embedding theory.” J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 14, 18, 4273–4280. May 1, 2023. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00551

H. Patil, P. Li, J. Liu, H. Zhou. “Folding-free ZNE: a comprehensive quantum zero-noise extrapolation approach for mitigating depolarizing and decoherence noise.” April 8, 2023. arXiv:2305.00622

D. T. Chen, E. H. Hansen, X. Li, V. Kulkarni, V. Chaudhary, B. Ren, Q. Guan, S. Kuppannagari, J. Liu, S. Xu. “Efficient quantum circuit cutting by neglecting basis elements.” April 8, 2023. arXiv:2304.04093

S. Aaronson, A. Bouland, B. Fefferman, S. Ghosh, U. Vazirani, C. Zhang, Z. Zhou. “Quantum pseudoentanglement.” April 7, 2023. arXiv:2211.00747

J. P. Covey, H. Weinfurter, H. Bernien. “Quantum networks with neutral atom processing nodes.” April 4, 2023. arxiv:2304.02088

J. Shi, Y. Shen, F. Pan, W. Sun, A. Mangu, C. Shi, A. McKeown-Green, P. Moradifar, M. G. Bawendi, W. E. Moerner, J. A. Dionne, F. Liu, A. M. Lindenberg. “Solution-phase single-particle spectroscopy for probing multi-polaronic dynamics in quantum emitters at femtosecond resolution.” April 3, 2023. arXiv:2304.00735

S. Meesala, S. Wood, D. Lake, P. Chiappina, C. Zhong, A. D. Beyer, M. D. Shaw, L. Jiang, O. Painter. “Nonclassical microwave-optical photon pair generation with a chip-scale transducer.” March 30, 2023. arXiv:2303.17684

T. M. Graham, L. Phuttitarn, R. Chinnarasu, Y. Song, C. Poole, K. Jooya, J. Scott, A. Scott, P. Eichler, M. Saffman. “Mid-circuit measurements on a neutral atom quantum processor.” March 23, 2023. arxiv:2303.10051

A. Mitra, M. Hermes, L. Gagliardi. “Density matrix embedding using multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory.” March 13, 2023. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-w5m0w-v2

B. Huang, N. Sheng, M. Govoni, G. Galli. “Quantum simulations of fermionic Hamiltonians with efficient encoding and ansatz schemes.” Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 19, 5, 1487–1498. Feb. 15, 2023. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01119

A. Gonzales, R. Shaydulin, Z. H. Saleem, M. Suchara. “Quantum error mitigation by Pauli check sandwiching.” Nature Scientific Reports 13, 2122. Feb. 6, 2023. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28109-x

J. Liu, M. Bowman, P. Gokhale, S. Dangwal, J. Larson, F. T. Chong, P. D. Hovland. “QContext: Context-aware decomposition for quantum gates.” Feb. 3, 2023.arXiv:2302.02003

C. Oh, L. Jiang, B. Fefferman. “Spoofing cross entropy measure in boson sampling.” Jan. 31, 2023. arXiv:2210.15021

C. Oh, L. Jiang, B. Fefferman. “On classical simulation algorithms for noisy boson sampling.” Jan. 27, 2023. arXiv:2301.11532

D. T. Chen, Z. H. Saleem, M. A. Perlin. “Quantum divide and conquer for classical shadows.” Jan. 9, 2023. arXiv:2212.00761

2022

J. Rovny, Z. Yuan, M. Fitzpatrick, A. I. Abdalla, L. Futamura, C. Fox, M. C. Cambria, S. Kolkowitz, N. P. De Leon. “Nanoscale covariance magnetometry with diamond quantum sensors.” Science, 378, 6626. Dec. 22, 2022. doi:10.1126/science.ade9858

J. Liu, A. Gonzales, Z. H. Saleem. “Classical simulators as quantum error mitigators via circuit cutting.” Dec. 14, 2022. arXiv:2212.07335

A. Deshpande, A. V. Gorshkov, and B. Fefferman. “Importance of the spectral gap in estimating ground-state energies.” PRX Quantum, 3, 040327. Dec. 9, 2022. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.040327

S. Gulania, Z. He, B. Peng, N. Govind, Y. Alexeev. “QuYBE – an algebraic compiler for quantum circuit compression.” 2022 IEEE/ACM 7th Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC), Seattle, WA, USA. Dec. 5-8, 2022. doi:10.1109/SEC54971.2022.00060

L. Li, W. Huie, N. Chen, B. DeMarco, J. P. Covey. “Active cancellation of servo-induced noise on stabilized lasers via feedforward.” Phys. Rev. Applied 18, 064005. Dec. 2, 2022. doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.18.064005

B. K. Malia, Y. Wu, J. Martínez-Rincón, M. A. Kasevich. “Distributed quantum sensing with mode-entangled spin-squeezed atomic states.” Nature. Nov. 23, 2022. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05363-z

M. Otten, M. Hermes, R. Pandharkar, Y. Alexeev, S. Gray, L. Gagliardi. “Localized quantum chemistry on quantum computers.” Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. Nov. 8, 2022. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00388

C. Zhong, M. Xu, A. Clerk, H. X. Tang, L. Jiang. “Quantum transduction is enhanced by single mode squeezing operators.” Physical Review Research, 4, L042013. Oct. 21, 2022. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L042013

Z. W. Riedel, D. R. Pearson Jr., M. H. Karigerasi, J. A. N. T. Soares, E. A. Goldschmidt, D. P. Shoemaker. “Synthesis of Eu(HCOO)3 and Eu(HCOO)3 · (HCONH2)2 crystals and observation of their 5D07F0 transition for quantum information systems.” Journal of Luminescence, volume 249, 119006. September 2022. doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2022.119006

M. Koppenhöfer, P. Groszkowski, H.-K. Lau, and A. A. Clerk. “Dissipative superradiant spin amplifier for enhanced quantum sensing.” Physical Review X, 3, 030330. Aug. 30, 2022. doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.030330

S. L. Bayliss, P. Deb, D. W. Laorenza, M. Onizhuk, G. Galli, D. E. Freedman, and D. D. Awschalom. “Enhancing spin coherence in optically addressable molecular qubits through host-matrix control.” Physical Review X, 12, 031028. Aug. 18, 2022. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.12.031028

A. M. Dibos, M. T. Solomon, S. E. Sullivan, M. K. Singh, K. E. Sautter, C. P. Horn, G. D. Grant, Y. Lin, J. Wen, F. J. Heremans, S. Guha, David D. Awschalom. “Purcell enhancement of erbium ions in TiO2 on silicon nanocavities.” Nano Letters 2022 22 (16), 6530-6536. Aug. 8, 2022. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01561

S. Gulania, B. Peng, Y. Alexeev, N. Govind. “Quantum time dynamics of 1D-Heisenberg models employing the Yang-Baxter equation for circuit compression.” Physical Review A, 106, 012412. July 8, 2022. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.106.012412

M. Liu, J. Liu, Y. Alexeev, L. Jiang. “Estimating the frame potential of large-scale quantum circuit sampling using tensor networks up to 50 qubits.” May 19, 2022. arXiv:2205.09900

T. Goh, R. Pandharkar, L. Gagliardi. “Multireference study of optically addressable vanadium-based molecular qubit candidates.” May 16, 2022. 10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-59f1v

A. Sarkar, D. G. Truhlar, L. Gagliardi. “Multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory for chromium(IV) molecular qubits.” May 6, 2022. 10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-ls796

Y. Ahn, M. J. Cherukara, Z. Cai, M. Bartlein, T. Zhou, A. DiChiara, D. A. Walk, M. Holt, E. E. Fullerton, P. G. Evans, H. Wen. “X-ray nanodiffraction imaging reveals distinct nanoscopic dynamics of an ultrafast phase transition.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119 (19). May 6, 2022. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211859711

P. Huft, Y. Song, T. M. Graham, K. Jooya, S. Deshpande, C. Fang, M. Kats, M. Saffman. “A simple, passive design for large optical trap arrays for single atoms.” April 16, 2022. arxiv:2204.07788

A. Kakkar, J. Larson, A. Galda, R. Shaydulin. “Characterizing error mitigation by symmetry verification in QAOA.” April 12, 2022. arxiv:2204.05852

S. Chen, S. Zhou, A. Seif, L. Jiang. “Quantum advantages for Pauli channel estimation.” Physical Review A, 105, 032435. April 1, 2022. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.105.032435

A. Seif, Z. P. Cian, S. Zhou, S. Chen, L. Jiang, L. “Shadow distillation: quantum error mitigation with classical shadows for near-term quantum processors.” March 14, 2022. arxiv:2203.07309

B. Huang, M. Govoni, G. Galli. “Simulating the electronic structure of spin defects on quantum computers.” Physical Review X – Quantum, 3 (1). March 10, 2022. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.010339

T. X. Zheng, A. Li, J. Rosen, S. Zhou, M Koppenhöfer, Z. Ma, F. T. Chong, A. A. Clerk, L. Jiang, L., P. C. Maurer “Preparation of metrological states in dipolar-interacting spin systems.” March 7, 2022. arxiv:2203.03084

C. H. Wang, F. Li. L. Jiang, L. “Quantum capacities of transducers.” Feb. 28, 2022. arxiv:2203:00012

M. Xie, X. Yu, L. V. H. Rodgers, D. Xu, I. Chi-Duran, A. Toros, N. Quack, N. P. de Leon, P. C. Maurer. “Biocompatible surface functionalization architecture for a diamond quantum sensor.” PNAS, vol. 119 no. 8. Feb. 22, 2022. doi/10.1073/pnas.2114186119

D. K. Angell, S. Li, H. Utzat, M. L. S. Thurston, Y. Liu, J. Dahl, R. Carlson, Z.-X. Shen, R. Sinclair, N. Melosh, J. A. Dionne. “Nanodiamond grain boundaries and lattice expansion drive Silicon vacancy emission heterogeneity.” Feb. 16, 2022. arXiv:2202.07879

M. K. Singh, G. Wolfowicz, J. Wen, S. E. Sullivan, A. Prakash, A. M. Dibos, D. D. Awschalom, F. J. Heremans, S. Guha. “Development of a scalable quantum memory platform — materials science of erbium-doped TiO2 thin films on silicon.” Feb. 11, 2022. arxiv:2202.05376

D. M. Lukin, M. A. Guidry, J. Yang, M. Ghezellou, S. D. Mishra, H. Abe, T. Ohshima, J. Ul-Hassan, J. Vučković. “Optical superradiance of a pair of color centers in an integrated silicon-carbide-on-insulator microresonator.” Feb. 10, 2022. arxiv:2202.04845

C. Zhong, X. Han, L. Jiang. “Quantum transduction with microwave and optical entanglement.” Feb. 9, 2022. arxiv:2202.03084

C. Oh, Y. Lim, Y. Wong, B. Fefferman, L. Jiang. “Quantum-inspired classical algorithm for molecular vibronic spectra. Feb. 3, 2022. arxiv:2202.01861

C. B. Young, A. Safari, P. Huft, J. Zhang, E. Oh, R. Chinnarasu, M. Saffman. “An architecture for quantum networking of neutral atom processors.” Feb. 3, 2022. arXiv:2202.01634

C. P. Anderson, E. O. Glen, C. Zeledon, A. Bourasa, Y. Jin, Y Zhu, C. Vorwerk, A. L. Crook, H. Abe, J. Ul-Hassan, T. Ohshima, N. T. Son, G. Galli, D. D. Awschalom. “Five-second coherence of a single spin with single-shot readout in silicon carbide.” Science Advances 8 (5). Feb. 2, 2022. doi/10.1126/sciadv.abm5912

J. Rable, B. Piazza, J. Dwivedi, N. Samarth. “Local ferromagnetic resonance measurements of mesoscopically patterned ferromagnets using deterministically placed nanodiamonds.” Jan. 26, 2022. arxiv:2201.10722

D. Fedorov, B. Peng, N. Govind, Y. Alexeev. “VQE method: a short survey and recent developments.” Materials Theory, 6 (2). Jan. 6, 2022. doi.org/10.1186/s41313-021-00032-6

2021

X. Guo, N. Delegan, J. C. Karsch, Z. Li, T. Liu, R. Shreiner, A. Butcher, D. D. Awschalom, F. J. Heremans, A. A. High. “Tunable and transferable diamond membranes for integrated quantum technologies.” Nano Letters, 2021, 21, 24, 10392–10399. Dec. 13, 2021. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03703

A. Deshpande, P. Niroula, O. Shtanko, A. V. Gorshkov, B. Fefferman, M. J. Gullans. “Tight bounds on the convergence of noisy random circuits to the uniform distribution.” Dec. 1, 2021. arxiv:2112.00716

J. C. Aulicino, T. Keen, B. Peng. “State preparation and evolution in quantum computing: a perspective from Hamiltonian moments.” International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. Nov. 30, 2021. doi.org/10.1002/qua.26853

D. W. Laorenza, A. Kairalapova, S. L. Bayliss, T. Goldzak, S. M. Greene, L. R. Weiss, P. Deb, P. J. Mintun, K. A. Collins, D. D. Awschalom, T. Berkelbach, D. E. Freedman. “Tunable Cr4+ molecular color centers.” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2021, 143, 50, 21350–21363. Nov. 24, 2021. doi:pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.1c10145

J. Liu, F. Tacchino, J. R. Glick, L. Jiang, A. Mezzacapo. “Representation learning via quantum neural tangent kernels.” Nov. 13, 2021. arxiv:2111.04225

X. Wu, A. Kolar, J. Chung, D. Jin, R. Kettimuthu, M. Suchara. “Parallel simulation of quantum networks with distributed quantum state management.” Nov. 6, 2021. arXiv:2111.03918

M. Fukami, D. R. Candido, D. D. Awschalom, M. E. Flatte. “Opportunities for long-range magnon-mediated entanglement of spin qubits via on- and off-resonant coupling.” Physical Review X – Quantum, 2, 040314. Oct. 21, 2021. doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.040314

X. Wu, A. Kolar, J. Chung, D. Jin, T. Zhong, R. Kettimuthu and M. Suchara. “SeQUeNCe: a customizable discrete-event simulator of quantum networks.” Quantum Science and Technology, 6 045027. Sept. 30, 2021. doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac22f6

J. Trimble, B. Gould, F. J. Heremans, S. S.-L. Zhang, D. D. Awschalom, and J. Berezovsky. “Relaxation of a single defect spin by the low-frequency gyrotropic mode of a magnetic vortex.” Journal of Applied Physics 130, 083903. Aug. 25, 2021. doi.org/10.1063/5.0055595

M. P. Warusawithana, C. S. Kengle, X. Zhan, H. Chen, E. V. Colla, M. O’Keeffe, J. Zuo, M. B. Weissman, and J. N. Eckstein. “Asymmetric ferroelectricity by design in atomic-layer superlattices with broken inversion symmetry.” Phys. Rev. B, 104, 085103. Aug. 4, 2021. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.104.085103

M. K. Singh, L. Jiang, D. D. Awschalom, S. Guha. “Key device and materials specifications for a repeater enabled quantum internet.” IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, vol. 2. July 21, 2021. doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2021.3098440

N. P. De Leon, K. M. Itoh, D. Kim, K. K. Mehta, T. E. Northrup, H. Paik, B. S. Palmer, N. Samarth, S. Sangtawesin, D. W. Steuerman. “Materials challenges and opportunities for quantum computing hardware.” Science 372 abb2823. April 16, 2021. doi/10.1126/science.abb2823

S. Kanai, F. J. Heremans, H. Seo, G. Wolfowicz, C. P. Anderson, S. E. Sullivan, G. Galli, D. D. Awschalom, H. Ohno. “Generalized scaling of spin qubit coherence in over 12,000 host materials.” Feb. 5, 2021. arxiv:2102.02986

Acknowledgment statement

The following acknowledgment statements must be included in all published reports of Q-NEXT related work (whether in whole or in part).

For peer-reviewed articles and technical papers:

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science National Quantum Information Science Research Centers as part of the Q-NEXT center.
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This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science National Quantum Information Science Research Centers as part of the Q-NEXT center.